Learn the History of Bas-Relief Sculpture

A French term from the Italian basso-relievo (low relief), bas-relief (pronounced bah ree ·leef)  is a sculpture technique in which figures and/or other design elements are just barely more prominent than the (overall flat) background. Bas-relief is only one form of relief sculpture: figures created in high relief appear to be more than halfway raised from their background. Intaglio is another form of relief sculpture in which the sculpture is actually carved into material such as clay or stone. History of Bas-Relief Bas-relief is a technique as old as humankinds artistic explorations and is closely related to high relief. Some of the earliest known bas-reliefs are on the walls of caves, perhaps 30,000 years ago. Petroglyphs—images pecked into the walls of caves or other rock surfaces—were treated with color, as well, which helped to accentuate  the  reliefs. Later, bas-reliefs were added to the surfaces of stone buildings constructed by ancient Egyptians and Assyrians. Relief sculptures can also be found in ancient Greek and Roman sculpture; a famous example is the Parthenon frieze featuring relief sculptures of Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis. Major works of bas-relief were created around the world; important examples include the temple at Angkor Wat in Cambodia, the Greek Elgin Marbles, and images of the elephant, horse, bull, and lion at the Lion Capital of Ashoka in India (ca 250 BCE). During the Middle Ages, relief sculpture was popular in churches, with some of the most remarkable examples decorating Romanesque churches in Europe. By the time of the Renaissance, artists were experimenting with combining high and low relief. By sculpting foreground figures in high relief and backgrounds in bas-relief, artists like Donatello (1386–1466) were able to suggest perspective. Desiderio da Settignano (ca 1430–1464) and Mino da Fiesole (1429–1484) executed bas-reliefs in materials such as terracotta and marble, while Michelangelo (1475–1564) created higher-relief works in stone. During the 19th century, bas-relief sculpture was used to create dramatic works such as the sculpture on the Parisian Arc de Triomphe. Later, in the 20th century, reliefs were created by abstract artists. American relief sculptors drew inspiration from Italian works. During the first half of the 19th century, Americans began creating relief works on federal government buildings. Perhaps the best known U.S. bas-relief sculptor was Erastus Dow Palmer (1817–1904), from Albany, New York.  Palmer had been trained as a cameo-cutter, and later created a great many relief sculptures of people and landscapes.   How Bas-Relief Is Created Bas-relief is created either by carving away material (wood, stone, ivory, jade, etc.) or adding material to the top of an otherwise smooth surface (say, strips of clay to stone).   As an example, in the photo, you can see one of Lorenzo Ghibertis (Italian, 1378-1455) panels from the East Doors (commonly known as the Gates of Paradise, thanks to a quote attributed to Michelangelo) of the Baptistery of San Giovanni. Florence, Italy. To create the bas-relief Creation of Adam and Eve, ca. 1435, Ghiberti first carved his design on a thick sheet of wax. He then fitted this with a covering of wet plaster that, once it had dried and the original wax had been melted out, made a fireproof mold into which liquid alloy was poured to recreate his bas-relief sculpture in bronze.

Technology Has Hindered The American Society - 1779 Words

Armineh Geragossian Professor M. Basalla ESL 151 November 29, 2016 Technology has Hindered the American Society Technology has become an important part of the American lifestyle. Everything from work to school involves technology in some way, shape, or form. For example, computers have made gathering and transferring information much simpler and accessible. This is a benefit to society because people are able to become better educated in a convenient fashion. Convenience has always been one of the main goals that technology has tried to accomplish. All major inventions, from automobiles to the internet, were created to make life more convenient and easier for people. Whereas automobiles made it easier for people to travel long distances in short amounts of time, the Internet has made gathering information, doing business, and learning much more convenient. Although convenience is a major benefit that technology gives us, there are also negative effects on society as a result of new inventions. Not all technology is beneficial, many new technologies have had a negative impact on our youth. Therefore, technology has hindered the American society because it has made people more self-centered, encouraged laziness in American youth, and made establishing relationships much more difficult. Technology has hindered the American society by making people more self-centered, selfish, and boastful. One of the ways that people are more self-centered is through social media. 7 DeadlyShow MoreRelatedThe Medieval Machine : The Industrial Revolution Of The Middle Ages1377 Words   |  6 Pages The Medieval world has a certain connotation to its meaning. People throughout time have found the era synonymous with negativity. 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How successful is Priestly in conveying his message to the audience through stage directions Essay Example For Students

How successful is Priestly in conveying his message to the audience through stage directions Essay Priestleys message is that everyone should be careful what they do because he thinks that everyone is connected so it could affect other people not just yourself. He thought that we are all part of one big community. I think Priestly tried to impart this message in 1945 because it was the end of World War Two and moral was very low in Britain. We as an audience are meant to listen to the Inspector rather than Birling because at the start of the book Birling proves that he is very arrogant and thinks he knows it all which he demonstrates when he says that the titanic is unsinkable. This would give the impression you should listen to the Inspector as he makes a lot more sense and isnt so much of an idiot. The Inspector wants to remind every character about their actions, But each of you helped kill her. Remember that. Priestly uses personal pronouns and short sentences so that what he says stays in your head. This allows you to remember them later and do something different in your life. The effect that these two sentences have on the characters is that it makes them extremely guilty for what they have done. Also it makes the Inspector feel like he is in charge. The effect it has on the audience is that they are shocked because the Inspector is so upfront. In addition, it makes them scared because although he mans metaphorically it still has the same impact. Also, this would have affected the characters quite badly because the book was set in a very capitalist time so the lower class people would not have talked to upper class people like that. This sentence would make the play more memorable and that would have been very powerful at the time it was written because more people were going to see plays as it was too expensive to buy and print books because of the war. The Inspector is an imposing character, Taking charge masterfully These stage directions use an adverb to show that the Inspector is extremely good at it. This makes the characters stop and pay attention as it seems that he is now the master of the situation. The sudden change has a shock effect on the audience by using such a dramatic device. This is the point when Priestly should say his message as everyone is paying attention. This play needed to be memorable to be able to convey Priestleys message, and this is an important message about change and how we should live our lives differently. I think that this was quite successful because life did change after this play and I think it helped people become better. Mrs. Birling was Eva Smiths last hope, You turned her away when she most needed help Here, Priestly uses personal pronouns so it is much more directed at Mrs. Birling. This should make her feel guilty but it doesnt as all through the play she acts like she doesnt care. As for the other characters, it makes them feel like they are not the only ones to blame. At this point the audience would probably be on the Inspectors side as it seems that all the other characters are guilty of some crime or another. I think this is quite effective as it would have shocked the audience. The Inspector makes the audience think about the horrors of war, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish. Priestly uses the power of three in this sentence, the effect that this would have on the audience is that it is very serious because he says pretty much the same thing three times, so it would have three times the effect. .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .postImageUrl , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:hover , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:visited , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:active { border:0!important; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:active , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drama: The development phase EssayTo the audience this would have quite an impact as there was possibility of war at the time and this might have made them a little frightened as to what was to come. The Inspector wants us to feel part of a society, We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. When Priestly uses personal pronouns, it makes the characters and the audience feels more involved in the pay and what is being said. This helps convey Priestly message of being part of one society.