Learn the History of Bas-Relief Sculpture

A French term from the Italian basso-relievo (low relief), bas-relief (pronounced bah ree ·leef)  is a sculpture technique in which figures and/or other design elements are just barely more prominent than the (overall flat) background. Bas-relief is only one form of relief sculpture: figures created in high relief appear to be more than halfway raised from their background. Intaglio is another form of relief sculpture in which the sculpture is actually carved into material such as clay or stone. History of Bas-Relief Bas-relief is a technique as old as humankinds artistic explorations and is closely related to high relief. Some of the earliest known bas-reliefs are on the walls of caves, perhaps 30,000 years ago. Petroglyphs—images pecked into the walls of caves or other rock surfaces—were treated with color, as well, which helped to accentuate  the  reliefs. Later, bas-reliefs were added to the surfaces of stone buildings constructed by ancient Egyptians and Assyrians. Relief sculptures can also be found in ancient Greek and Roman sculpture; a famous example is the Parthenon frieze featuring relief sculptures of Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis. Major works of bas-relief were created around the world; important examples include the temple at Angkor Wat in Cambodia, the Greek Elgin Marbles, and images of the elephant, horse, bull, and lion at the Lion Capital of Ashoka in India (ca 250 BCE). During the Middle Ages, relief sculpture was popular in churches, with some of the most remarkable examples decorating Romanesque churches in Europe. By the time of the Renaissance, artists were experimenting with combining high and low relief. By sculpting foreground figures in high relief and backgrounds in bas-relief, artists like Donatello (1386–1466) were able to suggest perspective. Desiderio da Settignano (ca 1430–1464) and Mino da Fiesole (1429–1484) executed bas-reliefs in materials such as terracotta and marble, while Michelangelo (1475–1564) created higher-relief works in stone. During the 19th century, bas-relief sculpture was used to create dramatic works such as the sculpture on the Parisian Arc de Triomphe. Later, in the 20th century, reliefs were created by abstract artists. American relief sculptors drew inspiration from Italian works. During the first half of the 19th century, Americans began creating relief works on federal government buildings. Perhaps the best known U.S. bas-relief sculptor was Erastus Dow Palmer (1817–1904), from Albany, New York.  Palmer had been trained as a cameo-cutter, and later created a great many relief sculptures of people and landscapes.   How Bas-Relief Is Created Bas-relief is created either by carving away material (wood, stone, ivory, jade, etc.) or adding material to the top of an otherwise smooth surface (say, strips of clay to stone).   As an example, in the photo, you can see one of Lorenzo Ghibertis (Italian, 1378-1455) panels from the East Doors (commonly known as the Gates of Paradise, thanks to a quote attributed to Michelangelo) of the Baptistery of San Giovanni. Florence, Italy. To create the bas-relief Creation of Adam and Eve, ca. 1435, Ghiberti first carved his design on a thick sheet of wax. He then fitted this with a covering of wet plaster that, once it had dried and the original wax had been melted out, made a fireproof mold into which liquid alloy was poured to recreate his bas-relief sculpture in bronze.

Technology Has Hindered The American Society - 1779 Words

Armineh Geragossian Professor M. Basalla ESL 151 November 29, 2016 Technology has Hindered the American Society Technology has become an important part of the American lifestyle. Everything from work to school involves technology in some way, shape, or form. For example, computers have made gathering and transferring information much simpler and accessible. This is a benefit to society because people are able to become better educated in a convenient fashion. Convenience has always been one of the main goals that technology has tried to accomplish. All major inventions, from automobiles to the internet, were created to make life more convenient and easier for people. Whereas automobiles made it easier for people to travel long distances in short amounts of time, the Internet has made gathering information, doing business, and learning much more convenient. Although convenience is a major benefit that technology gives us, there are also negative effects on society as a result of new inventions. Not all technology is beneficial, many new technologies have had a negative impact on our youth. Therefore, technology has hindered the American society because it has made people more self-centered, encouraged laziness in American youth, and made establishing relationships much more difficult. Technology has hindered the American society by making people more self-centered, selfish, and boastful. One of the ways that people are more self-centered is through social media. 7 DeadlyShow MoreRelatedThe Medieval Machine : The Industrial Revolution Of The Middle Ages1377 Words   |  6 Pages The Medieval world has a certain connotation to its meaning. People throughout time have found the era synonymous with negativity. 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How successful is Priestly in conveying his message to the audience through stage directions Essay Example For Students

How successful is Priestly in conveying his message to the audience through stage directions Essay Priestleys message is that everyone should be careful what they do because he thinks that everyone is connected so it could affect other people not just yourself. He thought that we are all part of one big community. I think Priestly tried to impart this message in 1945 because it was the end of World War Two and moral was very low in Britain. We as an audience are meant to listen to the Inspector rather than Birling because at the start of the book Birling proves that he is very arrogant and thinks he knows it all which he demonstrates when he says that the titanic is unsinkable. This would give the impression you should listen to the Inspector as he makes a lot more sense and isnt so much of an idiot. The Inspector wants to remind every character about their actions, But each of you helped kill her. Remember that. Priestly uses personal pronouns and short sentences so that what he says stays in your head. This allows you to remember them later and do something different in your life. The effect that these two sentences have on the characters is that it makes them extremely guilty for what they have done. Also it makes the Inspector feel like he is in charge. The effect it has on the audience is that they are shocked because the Inspector is so upfront. In addition, it makes them scared because although he mans metaphorically it still has the same impact. Also, this would have affected the characters quite badly because the book was set in a very capitalist time so the lower class people would not have talked to upper class people like that. This sentence would make the play more memorable and that would have been very powerful at the time it was written because more people were going to see plays as it was too expensive to buy and print books because of the war. The Inspector is an imposing character, Taking charge masterfully These stage directions use an adverb to show that the Inspector is extremely good at it. This makes the characters stop and pay attention as it seems that he is now the master of the situation. The sudden change has a shock effect on the audience by using such a dramatic device. This is the point when Priestly should say his message as everyone is paying attention. This play needed to be memorable to be able to convey Priestleys message, and this is an important message about change and how we should live our lives differently. I think that this was quite successful because life did change after this play and I think it helped people become better. Mrs. Birling was Eva Smiths last hope, You turned her away when she most needed help Here, Priestly uses personal pronouns so it is much more directed at Mrs. Birling. This should make her feel guilty but it doesnt as all through the play she acts like she doesnt care. As for the other characters, it makes them feel like they are not the only ones to blame. At this point the audience would probably be on the Inspectors side as it seems that all the other characters are guilty of some crime or another. I think this is quite effective as it would have shocked the audience. The Inspector makes the audience think about the horrors of war, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish. Priestly uses the power of three in this sentence, the effect that this would have on the audience is that it is very serious because he says pretty much the same thing three times, so it would have three times the effect. .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .postImageUrl , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:hover , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:visited , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:active { border:0!important; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:active , .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u54c772bfb63da5e6a8d86cc7a88aca5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drama: The development phase EssayTo the audience this would have quite an impact as there was possibility of war at the time and this might have made them a little frightened as to what was to come. The Inspector wants us to feel part of a society, We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. When Priestly uses personal pronouns, it makes the characters and the audience feels more involved in the pay and what is being said. This helps convey Priestly message of being part of one society.

The Role Of The Media (In Australia) Essays - News Media, Media Bias

The Role Of The Media (In Australia) Select one of the three major themes in Australian thinking about media,communication and information identified by Osborne & Lewis (1995) and explore the ideas that underpin it. Explain when and where these ideas emerged in history and say something about why they have had an ongoing influence in this country. Osborne and Lewis state that [a] preeminent theme in Australian thinking about the use of communication is the extent to which it has been viewed as a form of control . There has been concern in recent times of the enormous power communication holds as an agent of societal control. This is due to a number of factors, such the media mogul dominated media, which promotes a very conservative view and does not allow for alternate opinions to be voiced. The wide-reaching capabilities of the media, particularly electronic media via the Internet allows for the influence to spread across the entire country to remote areas and therefore heightens a sense of societal control. Although there have also been calls for harsher and more defined regulations to be set down on the media industry in light of its influence, the concepts of free speech and censorship have existed ever since the introduction of the mass media. With the current trends in Australia moving towards an essentially corporatised system of public communication , concerns about the extent to which media and communication controls society will continue to be of relevance in Australia. The very basis for Australia, that is colonialism and settling a new land, formed the foundation for the media of the nation. In 1803, The Sydney Gazette, a government publication, became the first Australian newspaper to be circulated in the colony. It dealt with legal news, farming news and other areas of interest for the colonisers. Of course, it was aimed only at educated white colonials and not indigenous people or convicts. Despite starting as a government controlled newspaper, by 1824, the year that The Australian was started, all government ownership of the press has ceased and private owners were involved. This was a sign of things to come and is the root of current problems with dominant ownership of the press. Although by 1923 there were twenty-six metropolitan dailies owned by twenty-one proprietors, this balanced industry was not to remain and by 1983 there were only three major owners in the press industry. In 2001, two major media companies dominate the Australian pres s NewsLtd, and Fairfax. A government controlled media is not possible in a democratic society, however a media industry controlled by media moguls with widespread influence is hardly a better option, and results in a greater and more centralised control over society. The media-mogul dominated industry presents enormous problems and certainly contributes to the fear of controlling power held by the media. The fact that one person, family or company could control the majority of newspaper media that is being fed to society is consistent with the growing fear of social control. Rupert Murdoch, and his company NewsCorp, currently owns more than half of the newspaper industry in Australia, as well as about one-third of British newspapers. He also has film, TV, newspaper and publishing interests in the USA and owns Star Television in Asia. NewsLtd, the Australian subsidiary of NewsCorp, publishes 67.8 per cent of the capital city and national newspaper market; 76.1 per cent of the Sunday newspaper market; 46.6 per cent of the suburban newspaper market; and 23.4 per cent of the regional newspaper market. Fairfax owns and controls 21.4 per cent of the capital city and national newspaper market; 22.8 per cent of the Sunday newspaper market; 18.1 per cent of the suburban newspaper market; 15.4 per cent of the regional newspaper market. This total domination by two companies over what information is provided to Australians via the press is disturbing and further enhances the notion of the powerful control of the media over society. Although the situation is not uncommon in other nations, particularly the USA where Murdoch owns controlling interests in a variety of media formats, the concentration of media ownership is more pronounced in Australia than in any other modern Western society. Therefore, this form of communication

ENV SCI essays

ENV SCI essays Now the population of the world has reached 6 billion in 2000. And it is estimated to have 10.5~11 billion of population until the population of the world will stabilize. This means that the world will need to provide food, shelter, cloth for the addition of 5 billion people. But this is not the only problem. This additional population will worsen the condition of the land, and will shorten the natural resource rapidly. Also the health of the population will be a big issue. Due to the decline of the population growth , sustainable development of children started. Recently AID is one of the most popular disease in the world. It reduces the life expectency about 15 to 47 years. And thinking about the year when there will be 5 billion more people in this world, we won't know which disease will kill how many people. Increase of the population does not only have the negative effects to the world. It also give us new opportunity. First increase in the population will provide the world more intelligent people, and these people will help to solve the problems of the over populated world. And when people get crowded they will search for a better condition to live in and this might help the people to find a new land to live in or a new resource to use. Also they will try to prevent so many people from dying by the same disease which will yeild to a development in medicine which will improve the life of the people. Poverty is not a good phenomenon for the citizens of the world, especially when the standard of life is improving. Majority of the low income people locate in Asia, and Africa. There incomes are less than a dollar per day. There is another problem, inequality among the people. This inequality is a obstacle to a sustainable development. Most of the reason of this inequality is because of the economic gap between the countries rather than the within the countries. Because of the poverty and the inequality the world is suffering. Ho...

Motivation.learners are motivational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation.learners are motivational - Essay Example earchers have shown that learner’s attribution of success and failures is an essential part of whether the learner will attempt, complete and repeat activities. Therefore, most motivational issues of Jake can be addressed by these theories of the Bandura’s social cognitive theory, and attribution theory. Self efficacy impact the choice of activities. Self-efficacious students readily undertake challenging and difficult tasks more readily than do inefficacious students. (Bandura & Schunk, 1981). It is possible that Jake held a low sense of efficacy for acquiring cognitive skills that attempted him to avoid boring tasks, whereas if he judged himself more efficaciously, he should have participated more eagerly. Self-efficacy can also influence motivation. Students with high sense of efficacy for learning should expend greater effort and persist longer when they encounter difficult tasks than those who doubt their capabilities (1981). Therefore, Jake‘s lack of motivation and low effort to take challenging and difficult tasks can be associated with his low self efficacy. Efficacy and outcome expectancy are closely related; students who perceive themselves as capable of performing well expect successful performances, which in turn promote self-efficacy. Therefore, Jake’s low efficacy influenced his outcome expectancy and performance during his new school year. Also, poor performance in turn, results to low efficiency. In addition, Jake’s lack of motivation can be demonstrated according to attribution theory. Learners who have perceptions of ability in failure are likely to assume that performance is not in their control. Therefore, Jake’s negative attributional style (attributing failure to ability) contributed to his lack of motivation in engaging in difficult tasks, and developing skills. In Addition, learners negative attribution responses are related to inferior use of strategies (Schrieber,2006). Without high self efficacy and the tendency to

The Role of the RN In Medical Surgical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of the RN In Medical Surgical - Essay Example Surgical nurses play a fundamental role in provision of health care services to patients before, during and after surgical operations. Their work consists of both outside and inside the sterile field where they deal with direct patient care as well as offering the necessary support to the surgical team (Workman, 2009). Under the surveillance of a surgical physician, surgical nurses offer services in the operation room in addition to pre-surgical departments in the hospital. Their services facilitate smooth operating procedures by preparing patients for a surgery, helping the surgeon during an operation and further attending to the patients after the surgery until they fully recover. However, even though the working environment for surgical nurses can be considered to be good, sometimes they turn out to be both emotionally and physically stressful since they are required to be alert for most of their shifts and sometimes they are forced to work beyond their scheduled shifts (Maclise, 2008). Recovery surgical nurses are registered nurses who offer their services to patients before and after a surgery, their major role is to prepare patients for surgical procedures by administering pre-surgical services like intravenous injections, observation of the medical history of the patient, conducting a complete blood test and other preliminary surgical requirements such as shaving (Workman, 2009). RNs who work in the recovery sector monitor the reaction of the patient as he or she recovers from the effects of the anesthesia administered before the surgery. They basically observe for patient’s vital recuperation indicators, clean and dress the wounds as well as administer the recommended medication in addition to assisting the patient with pain management strategies. Further, they assist with provision of post-surgery health care education to both the patient and his/her family (Ignatavicius, 2007). Surgical nurses also offer sterility services to the surgeon by ens uring that each and every surgical instrument is sterilized to the required standard in an effort to guarantee that there are reduced chances of contamination and infection. The nurses are treated with antimicrobial soap and equipped with a sterilized suit; this ensures that microbes which can infect the patient during the operation are kept at bay (Maclise, 2008). These nurses prepare the required surgical instruments and other essential supplies that are needed during the operation procedure. There are also some nurses who play a fundamental role during the surgery even though they are not involved in the sterile field. Their duties include securing any additional instruments that may be required during the surgery, preparing samples for lab tests and also ensuring that bio-hazardous wastes are well disposed (Workman, 2009). It is the duty of a surgical nurse to treat patients who are under acute health conditions after undergoing a surgery since most of the patients will be in ne ed of pain management medication (Ackley & Ladwig, 2010). The surgical RN has the responsibility of ensuring that the patient takes the exact medication which has been prescribed by a surgeon or a doctor as some of the prescriptions can be harmful if taken incorrectly and thus, they call for the proper dosage at the appropriate time. A surgical nurse is also required to talk to the patient at least more than 10 times a day so as to realize